Observables are just one way to work with async JavaScript. For alternatives be sure to check out Observable vs Promise..which is better?

What are Observables?

Observables are functions that throw values. Objects called observers subscribe to these values. Observables create a pub-sub system based on the observable design pattern. This makes observables popular with async programming in modern JavaScript frameworks like Angular and libraries like React.

Unlike Promises, observables are not yet inherit to JavaScript. This is why Angular and React rely on the RxJS library for implementing observables. RxJs stands for "Reactive Extension for JavaScript". The RxJS library defines its own Observable class along with supporting methods for Reactive programming.

While you can easily use observables by importing the RxJS library, it's easier to understand how observables work by implementing your own Observable class:

class Observable {
    constructor(functionThatTakesObserver){
      this._functionThatTakesObserver = functionThatTakesObserver;
    }

    subscribe(observer) {
      return this._functionThatTakesObserver(observer)
    }
}

let myObservable = new Observable(observer => {
  setTimeout(() => {
    observer.next("got data!")
    observer.complete()
  }, 1000)
})

let myObserver = {
  next(data) {
    console.log(data)
  },
  error(e) {
    console.log(e)
  },
  complete() {
    console.log("request complete")
  }
}

myObservable.subscribe(myObserver)
// (1 second) got data!
// (1 second) request complete

This is a basic example of how an Observable works and is largely based off Netanel Basal's JavaScript - Observables Under The Hood.

Notice how we first define an Observable class. The class takes a single constructor argument functionThatTakesObserver:

class Observable {
    constructor(functionThatTakesObserver){
      this._functionThatTakesObserver = functionThatTakesObserver;
    }
}

Within our class definition, we also define a subscribe() method. Notice how this method simply takes an observer as an argument and passes it to our constructor function functionThatTakesObserver:

subscribe(observer) {
  return this._functionThatTakesObserver(observer)
}

After defining our Observable class, we instantiate a new instance of Observable and assign it to myObservable. Notice how we pass in a function that takes an observer object as a parameter.

let myObservable = new Observable(observer => {
  setTimeout(() => {
    observer.next("got data!")
    observer.complete()
  }, 1000)
})

In this example, we've used setTimeout() to mimic an async HTTP request. After the operation completes, we call the next() and complete() methods on the observer we passed in.

We then define an observer object myObserver which implements the three callback methods, or notification types, an observable can send:

let myObserver = {
  next(data) {
    console.log(data)
  },
  error(e) {
    console.log(e)
  },
  complete() {
    console.log("request complete")
  }
}

Note that next() is the only required method for RxJS.

Once we've defined the observer object myObserver, we execute the observable by calling it's subscribe() method:

myObservable.subscribe(myObserver)
// (1 second) got data!
// (1 second) request complete

By calling subscribe() on myObservable, we fire the constructor function passed to the observable instance and register the callbacks as defined in our observer myObserver.

That's it! This represents the basics of implementing the observer design pattern in JavaScript and demonstrates how to gracefully handle async activity using observables. Continue reading for an even deeper dive into using observables in modern JavaScript programming.

Observables: A deeper dive...

What are Observables?

Observables represent a progressive way of handling events, async activity, and multiple values in JavaScript. Observables are really just functions that throw values. Objects called observers define callback functions for next(), error(), and complete(). These observer objects are then passed as arguments to the observable function. The observable function calls the observer methods based on a certain behavior (AJAX HTTP request, event, etc). This allows the observer to "listen" for state changes emitted by the observable function.

Why Observables?

Observables have surfaced through an evolution of handling async activity in JavaScript. While the Promise API has largely replaced the world of nested callbacks, observables demonstrate the next step forward in gracefully handling async activity and real-time events. In her article An Introduction to Observables for Angular Developers, Jen Looper does a great job explaining this evolution and the progressive need for the observable design pattern in JavaScript.

Reactive Programming

Observables implement reactive programming principles. Reactive programming is a programming paradigm involving async data streams and the propagation of change.

Observables represent these streams of data. Observers represent the registered callbacks used for listening or "subscribing" to changes in these streams.

Javascript Observables vs Promises

Those more experienced with Promises may ask "Why Observables?". After all, Promises are designed around handling async activity in a graceful way.

Everything you can do with a Promise you can do with an Observable. Everything you can do with an Observable you can't necessarily do with a Promise. Here are some of the key differences between Observables and Promises in JavaScript:

Eager vs Lazy

A promise will execute at the moment it's defined. When a promise has been initialized, it represents a process that has already started happening.

An observable defines a function that's executed only when subscribe() is called. You have to call subscribe() on an observable before the code will actually execute. This saves resources as observables only execute when they are subscribed to.

Cancel vs no cancel

While some Promise libraries implement cancel functionality, the inherit JavaScript Promise is not cancellable. Just like you can subscribe to an observer, you can also unsubscribe.

Always Async vs Sometimes Async

A promise always resolves or rejects itself based on some async activity. While observables are often used with async activity (such as the Angular HTTP request client), observables can also be used for sync activities as well. For example, you can use an observable to iterate through the elements in an array.

Multicast vs Unicast

Promises are multicast. This means any reference to the promise will receive the same resolved value. Observables are unicast by default. For every observer that subscribes to an observable, a separate instance of the observable function is executed.

Things can be done to make observables multicast. The RxJs library implements a share() method for sharing the same observable instance across all subscribers. Remember that observables are unicast by nature.

Push vs Pull

A promise either resolves or rejects. It can't emit multiple values. An observable can call next() multiple times.

Because of this, observables create a pub-sub relationship where the observable "pushes" updated values to its subscribers.

Mateusz Podlasin explains these differences in more detail in his article Promises vs Observables. It's worth checking out, especially for supporting examples for each of these outlined differences.

Conclusion

Observables are functions that throw values. Observers subscribe to these functions and register callbacks to listen for updates. This results in lazy execution of async data streams popularized by Reactive programming.

While observables aren't yet inherit to JavaScript, the RxJS library implements them in popular frameworks like Angular and libraries like React.

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